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Transcriptomics

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Resistance to ampicillin and contrimoxazole was detected in strains collected between 2002 and 2006. Multidrug resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and contrimoxazole emerged later between 2006 and 2008 in strains which grouped into two divergent clusters (lineage II and lineage IIA). The two clusters were separated by 22 SNPs identified using SNPFinder of which 14 were nonsynonymous but also confirmed by phylogenetic classification (8). The two clusters could not be distinguished based on their sources in terms of geographical location, age, HIV status, malaria infection or nutritional levels. However, the strains could only be differentiated based on their periods of isolation. Due to limited data, it is difficult to claim whether the new cluster is just emerging or actually dominant and replacing the former. The biological implications of the SNP differences so far remain unknown with inconclusive results from preliminary investigations in protein structure models and pathway analysis. The multidrug resistance profile of the emerging cluster is also similar to that of Salmonella Typhimurium D23580, encoded on Tn21-like elements on pSLT-BT plasmid (4). The development of drug resistance in microorganisms triggers genomic instability, which activates fitness mutations throughout the genome to compensate for the instability (9).

The aim of this work is to determine the differences in gene expression levels that can be associated to phenotypic differences between lineage II and lineage IIA of S. Typhimurium. Lineage II and lineage IIA were represented by two strains D23580 and D37712 respectively. The aim of this project will be achieved through the following objectives:

    • PacBio sequencing for the two strains D23580 and D37712
    • Perform growth experiments of D37712 in different in vivo infection conditions
  • Extract RNA and mapping into genomic DNA
  • Map RNA transcripts onto the complete genome for analysis gene expression levels
  • Visualisation of RNA transcripts to differentiate expression levels
  • Determine the biological relevance of differences in gene expression levels Online Pharmacy, delivery cialis black,Free shipping, ampicillin buying online, Discount 10%